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5 - Seating and positioning
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- By Craig A. Kirkwood, Senior Rehabilitation Engineer Wheelchair & Seating Service Tayside Rehabilitation Engineering Services, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK, Geoff I. Bardsley, Senior Rehabilitation Engineer, Wheelchair & Seating Service Tayside Rehabilitation Engineering Services, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
- Edited by Michael P. Barnes, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Garth R. Johnson, University of Newcastle upon Tyne
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- Book:
- Upper Motor Neurone Syndrome and Spasticity
- Published online:
- 22 August 2009
- Print publication:
- 24 April 2008, pp 99-112
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Summary
Spasticity causes seating challenges for a variety of people with disabilities: from children with cerebral palsy, young adults with head injuries, middle aged people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and older persons who have suffered cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) and use wheelchairs. Spasticity, in itself, is not necessarily a problem and may assist in maintaining a seated posture. This is in contrast to hypotonia, where providing seated support in a functional position is often very difficult. Detailed assessment is essential so that a full picture of patient's problems relating to spasticity is drawn up in order that clear, specific and realistic objectives can be agreed on by all those present and a detailed prescription produced to achieve the objectives. In any system that claims to reduce spasticity and thereby promote good seated posture, reduction in joint contractures and improvement in upper limb function, it is important that such claims are validated.
28 - Perspective on Decision Analysis Applications
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- By Donald L. Keefer, W. P. Carey School of Business, Arizona State University, Craig W. Kirkwood, W. P. Carey School of Business, Arizona State University, James L. Corner, Waikato Management School, University of Waikato
- Edited by Ward Edwards, Ralph F. Miles Jr., California Institute of Technology, Detlof von Winterfeldt, University of Southern California
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- Book:
- Advances in Decision Analysis
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 23 July 2007, pp 582-610
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Summary
ABSTRACT. This chapter identifies, and provides perspective on, trends and developments in decision-analysis applications, based primarily on an exhaustive survey of decision-analysis applications published in the period 1990–2001 in major English-language operations research and closely related journals. It serves as a guide to those interested in recent applications in specific areas or in applications that illustrate the use of particular methods. We compare the characteristics of the applications articles surveyed here with those of applications articles appearing in a similar set of journals between 1970 and 1989 and conclude that the overall rate of publication of decision-analysis applications has increased. In addition, we find that both the mix of application areas and the specific aspects of decision analysis that are emphasized in applications publications have shifted somewhat. We also identify and discuss noteworthy trends in, and developments affecting, published applications, including those in computer software and software-related tools, decision conferencing, stochastic trees, value-focused thinking, normative systems, organizational processes, and real options. We highlight several award-winning decision-analysis applications and discuss formation of a new practitioner-oriented professional group. Finally, we present some concerns and thoughts on future needs for advancing decision-analysis practice.
Introduction
This chapter provides our perspective on the state of decision-analysis applications, based primarily on a survey of applications articles published from 1990 to 2001 in major English-language operations research journals and other closely related journals.